Impact of Agricultural Trade liberalization on Poverty in...

Impact of Agricultural Trade liberalization on Poverty in Latin America Historically the agricultural sector has been an important sector for the economies of Latin America because of this the issue of global agricultural trade liberalization has been a hotly contested issue. Some suggest it may harm Latin American countries and increase poverty by opening up the sector to foreign competition from more technological advanced nations. Others have argued that it will increase economic competitiveness and reduce poverty by promoting an increase in exports, job creation and by improving economic productivity in the sector. Research into this question suggests that global agricultural trade liberalization may reduce poverty overall in Latin†¦show more content†¦For example, many have observed that the decline of agricultural sector in the US signalled the rise an urban industrial society seen today. Furthermore, some studies estimate that the agricultural sector is 3.2 times better at reducing poverty when compared to other sectors of the economy w hen the size of the sector is considered (Christiaensen, Demery, Kuhl, 2011). This may be due to the high levels of participation of the extreme poor in agricultural industries (Christiaensen et al., 2011). Growth in the agricultural sector is also known to have significant spillover effects into other sectors of the economy and to disproportionately benefit the poorest citizens in many cases (Valdà ©s, Foster, 2010). All this is relevant to Latin America due its relatively large agricultural sector and its longstanding struggle with poverty that dates back many decades. Latin America is known for its high level of inequality and high rates of poverty. For example, in the 1980s the poor made up 19% of the continents population (Cardoso, Helwege, 1992) with roughly 8% living on a dollar a day (Anderson, Cockburn, Martin, 2011). Although poverty has declined in recent years many governments are still grappling with this issue and research shows many Latin American nations benefiting from a global liberalization of agricultural trade. Brazil is a Latin American country that is often cited as being perfectlyShow MoreRelatedFree trade and Agriculture in the Global South 1491 Words   |  6 Pagespositively affected by the trade agreements established by both the WTO and Fair Trade system; specifically the banana and coffee farmers. The governments role was to liberalize trade by reducing tariffs and they initiated this by introducing GATT (General Agreement on Trade and Tariffs). This was an agreement between countries that slowly expanded to include countries. Agricultural Trade was left out of the GATT due to the U.S. and European Union banana war. 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Nowadays the situation is different, the region is improving towards economic stability and grater democracy, however the reforms performed during the last decade are still incomplete. High rates of poverty and bad income distribution remain as the main problems of the region. The last few years has shown that Latin

Water Scarcity - 655 Words

Essay’s topic: Water scarcity is one of the key environmental issue of our time. Identify some major causes of water scarcity and describe two solutions. Water plays an important role in developing and maintaining healthy ecosystems. However, water scarcity is an increasing and widespread phenomenon in many countries in the world. Water scarcity refers to either the lack of enough water or lack of access to safe water. The shortage of water is turning out to be more pressing than prediction. This essay will identify some major causes of water scarcity and specifically focus on the solutions of enhancing water stewardship and protecting wetlands. The first major cause of water scarcity is overpopulation. The rapid growth of population†¦show more content†¦Efficient and effective water management is necessary. Government and the authorities should be responsible for protecting freshwater sources. In addition to that, new laws and regulations about preserving water should be ratified by legislators and helpful methods for sustainable water use should be promoted. Moreover, it is important for countries to expand co-operation with some international organizations in order to take advantage of opportunities to improve water management systems. Protecting wetlands is another approach to halt the process of water shortage. Wetlands are an important part of the national heritage. They provide human not only natural resources, but also water resources. Therefore, programs and projects need to be established and encouraged to be carried out in order to effectively protect wetlands. Besides that, all citizens can help protect wetlands by supporting wetlands conservation initiatives. Water scarcity has become a serious issue for the Earth. The rapidly increasing world population and water pollution have immensely contributed to the situation. There is an urgent need to solve this problem by enhancing water management and preserving wetlands. If the solutions mentioned above are taken into consideration and appropriately applied, water scarcity may be halted. Reference: The Water Project, â€Å"Water scarcity: The importance of water amp; access† , lt;http://thewaterproject.org/water_scarcity.php#.UTQPJTdIOuAgt;. FAOShow MoreRelatedWater Scarcity Problem Of Water1477 Words   |  6 PagesWater is everyone in the world and this is the major reason why many individuals never think about the limited supply of water. People presume that the water supply is infinite. The common saying â€Å"you do not know what you have until it is gone† rings true. Never having to worry about possessing fresh drinking water on a daily basis has caused many individuals to never question where the water is coming from or how much water is left. 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However 97.5% of that water is salt seawater that is unusable by people or in day-to-day tasks (International Desalination Association, 2015). Earth is running out of fresh water and offers only 0.26% of fresh water resources to utilize and suffice peoples’ needs (InternationalRead MoreWater Scarcity Of Water Shortage1100 Words   |  5 Pages Water Scarcity Maria Luna Arizona State University Planet earth is made up of seventy percent of water and thirty percent of territorial land. Of that seventy percent, ninety-seven percent is salt water, meaning only three percent is drinkable water. Accounting for that three percent, only one percent is surface water; the other two percent is ground water. 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Buddhism and Christianity Free Essays

Buddhist and Christians are among the world’s larges religions. They are characterized by different teachings and practices that they observe. They both have different origins and beliefs that form part of their structures. We will write a custom essay sample on Buddhism and Christianity or any similar topic only for you Order Now The two characteristics that I am going to look at are: the ethical teachings of both Christians and Buddhists and their religious scriptures. Ethical teachings: Ethics is one of the issues which stand out among the teachings of both religions. The two religions emphasize on the need for proper ethics through believes, practices and worship. Despite the emphasis that they both put on ethics, differences emerge between the two in their theoretical and practical aspects. There are several areas in which the differences can be evident such as: their ideas concerning sin, the notion and model of ethics together with the codes of ethics. Sin: in both religions, human beings are regarded as sinful beings. Sin is the basis of religious doctrines and without it: it is possible that ethical religious believes could not be there. According to both religions, human beings are characterized by sin, imperfection and guilty. It is only through moral religious principles that one can be made pure and perfect. The births of both Buddha and Christ were good news to both the Buddhist and Christians respectively. Jesus was born to bring salvation and love from God while Buddha was born to bring the message of wisdom and compassionate to mankind as well as show them the path to enlightenment (King, P. 3). Christians believe that all human beings are connected to the first sin in the Garden of Eden by the first parents: Adam and Eve. This sin has over the years been passed down from one generation to the other. This story explains the origin of sin which according to the story was human disobedience to God. Therefore, Adam and Eve went against God’s wishes when they decided to ignore the orders He had given them of not eating the fruit they ate. Because God is perceived as a model for perfect ethics, then going against his wishes will be the same as sinning. Therefore, according to Christians, sin is not only the original sin that has been passed down though generations but also the heart’s disobedience in following or practicing the divine morals, ethical codes and spirit. Hence the base of Christian ethics is not only believing in Christ but also living according to his teachings (Locke, P. 237). In Buddhism, there is no that kind of â€Å"original sin† as in Christianity. They instead believe that every individual is born of craving and ignorance which results to human beings being born in a cycle referred to as samsara: a birth and death cycle. It is only through enlightenment that an individual can overcome craving and ignorance. According to Buddha’s personal experiences, sin is originally caused by impunity, bad karmas and imperfection: there is no any other source. In the Buddhist structure, it is believed that sin originates from oneself and can therefore be overcome by oneself. Therefore, the basis of Buddhist’s ethical teachings is the mind: that sin originates from the mind and can only be overcome by the mind (Smart, p. 77). Model and ethical notion: both Christianity and Buddhism take the perfect model of ethics to be an important aspect of religious morality. Ethical teachings of both religion focus on Christ and Buddha because both of their lives were full of noble virtues and love that cannot be compared with any other. These models are the foundations of both religions although there are different ideas concerning ethics between them (Locke, P. 237). For Christians, love (agape) is the basis of moral life which is shown clearly in the life and teachings of Christ as well as in the bible. They believe that God is love and it is what constitutes his heart. Therefore, it is through his grace and forgiveness of human sins that ethical values can be cultivated in individuals and salvation can be attained. Christian moral standards are basically established on sin, forgiveness, belief and the love of God. They also believe that belief must go with actions: a Christian can best be recognized by his/her deeds as compared to what he/she says. Contrary to the Christians, Buddhist morality is not based upon the power or the life of Buddha but instead it is based upon his teachings about â€Å"cause and effects†. They believe that an individual’s positive or negative attitude is determined by his/her actions and thoughts. Buddha taught people to: â€Å"make an island of yourself, make yourself your refuge; there is no other refuge. Make truth your island, make truth your refuge; there is no other refuge,† (King, P. 3) Therefore, in both religions: human beings are perceived to be sinful. The mind’s purity is perceived to be the basic step in ethics through which suffering and impunity which has been created in individuals can be overcome. If the overall aim is transformation from the evil nature to divine: then Christians could achieve it through uniting with Christ while Buddhist could achieve the same by observing Buddhahood. Religious scriptures: According to the interviews I conducted with a Christian and a Buddhist leader, I found out the following about their religious scriptures: Teachings concerning God: conservative Buddhists’ scriptures teach nothing about existence of God. It does not affirm or deny existence of God and does not state who is divine not even Gautama himself. Liberal ones do not put emphasis on this concept but they pay homage to Buddha, Buddhist teachers, deities and ancestors. They worship using images, bow before them, give offerings to them, chant and pray to them. Although earlier Buddhism did not recognize Buddha to be omniscient, they now consider him and other teachers to be omniscience. Contrary to Buddhist scripture teachings, Christians refer to the bible that teaches them that God exists. It states that the fact that there is a universe is an indication that there is a God somewhere. Psalm 19:1 – â€Å"The heavens declare the glory of God; and the firmament showeth his handiwork. † Romans 1:20 – Though God is invisible, His power and divinity can be seen through the things that are made. The only way the universe could exist is because there is a supernatural being powerful and wiser than anybody else (Scott, p. 87). Purpose of religion: The purpose of religion was to better man’s relationship with God. Buddhism scriptures do not teach anything about God while the bible teaches that the whole purpose of humanity is to serve and have a better relationship with Christ. Ecclesiastes 12:13 – The whole duty of man is to fear God and keep his commands. Ephesians 1:7-9 – The will and purpose of God was to redeem man by the forgiveness of sins through the blood of Jesus. Teaching about a true and supreme God: Buddhism teachings allow for worship of many gods while the biblical teachings forbid the worship of more than one God. Matthew 4:10 – â€Å"Thou shalt worship the Lord thy God, and Him ONLY shalt thou serve. † We are not to worship many gods, nor any god other than Jehovah [2 Corinthians 6:18; Colossians 1:19-22]. Destiny of man: Buddhist scriptures teach about reincarnation (rebirth), Karma which teaches that the future lives are influenced by current actions and that what happens currently is the result of previous actions and nirvana which teaches that the ultimate purpose of man is to get out of the birth and rebirth cycle characterized by suffering. While the bible teaches that: an individual only lives once and physically dies once after which there will be resurrection, judgment and eternal rewards. 1 Corinthians 15:22, 23 – All die as a result of Adam’s sin; as a result of Jesus, all live again. Resurrection is the opposite of death; hence the spirit is reunited with the body. Matthew 25:31-46 – The wicked go to eternal punishment, but the righteous to eternal life. Buddhist scriptures do not teach about death and resurrection (Scott, p. 87). Suffering: Buddhist scriptures teach that suffering is essential in life, it’s brought about by human desires and they can be eliminated by getting rid of earthly desires by not wanting to exist as an individual. The bible teachings teach that suffering is part of life; it is a consequence of sin physical desires are neither good nor bad, it depends on how you seek to satisfy them, an individual’s desire to exist is not bad and it’s through trust in God that you can be able to overcome suffering and not through defeating yourself. The Buddhist teaching of not to desire to be an individual can be considered to blasphemy God’s work by Christians. Works cited King, L. Winston. Buddhism and Christianity: Some Bridges of Understanding. Taylor and Francis. 2008, p. 3. Locke, A. Kenneth, â€Å"The Foundation for Ethical Behavior: A Christian perspective for a dialogue with Buddhism,† Hsi Lai Journal of Humanistic Buddhism 3 (2002): 327. Scott, Archibald. Buddhism and Christianity; A Parallel and a Contrast, Being the Croall Lectures for 1889-90. General Books LLC. (2009): p. 87. Smart, Ninian. Buddhism and Christianity: rivals and allies. University of Hawaii Press. (1993): p. 77. How to cite Buddhism and Christianity, Papers

Regression and Multilevel/Hierarchical Models

Question: Discuss about the Regression and Multilevel/Hierarchical Models. Answer: Data analysis using regression The data analysis has been a comprehensive way for performing the analysis using the linear as well as the nonlinear regression and the multilevel models. (Gelman et al., 2006). This is able to instruct the reader to fit in the R software implementation with properly working on the causal inference, with the regression post stratification, matching, regression discontinuity and the other instrumental variables. (Guo et al., 2015). This helps in analyzing the multilevel logistic regression and the missing data imputation that has been set to put and built the fitting to properly provide the understanding of the throughput. (Kabacoff, 2015). The data analysis is accessible through illustrating the graphical displays which appears to adorn to the shelves to the applied statisticians and the social scientists. For this, the focus has been on the Bayesian Data Analysis which gets into the serious modelling for setting the problem which leads to the common knowledge and static modelling. ( Harell, 2015). For the statistical modelling, there have been relationships which include the modeling as well the analysis of the variables that have been set for the dependent and the independent variables. (Montgomery et al., 2015). Compare Chen-Zhang(2010) model with Fama-French Three factor model The Chen-Zhang Three Tier Model has been mainly the market factor, with the investments and the return-on-assets which is able to work on the cross-sectional area variation with the expected stock returns. (Ott et al., 2015). There have been outperformance traditional asset pricing models to properly explain the associated short term returns with the financial distress and the net stock issues. The performance of the model is based on expected return estimates that have been in the practice. (Newcomer et al., 2015). There have been positive relations of the average returns with the short term prior returns and the earning with the negative relations to handle the financial distress. The motivation is based on handling the market sensitivity along with market excess return where there have been difference in the return on the high investment of the stocks and the difference on the portfolio stocks with the higher returns. (Chatterijee et al., 2015). Where these values are for the expected returns and for the factor loadings from the regression portfolio. There are different issues which relate to the net stock, growth of the assets, earnings which are related to the outperformance of the model. (Faraway, 2016). The traditional asset pricing models is based on capturing the effects by a larger margin. Fama-French Three Factor model is designed for the description of the stock returns with the focus on the size of the company, price to book ratio as well as the marketing risk structure. (Fox, 2015). The tradition assets of the pricing model are important for properly handling the portfolio or the stocks of the market. (Martina et al., 2015). This is mainly to handle the small caps and the stocks which has a lower price to the booking ratio with the focus on the portfolio management. (Welten et al., 2016). The reflection has been set on focusing over: Here the r is the portfolio that has an expected rate of return with the Rf mainly for the risk free return rate and Km for the return of market portfolio. (Buck et al., 2016). There have been small market stands to handle the HML High minus Low for measuring the historic excess returns of the small caps. (Nakamura et al., 2015). The factors are related to the BIM ranking and the cap ranking to access the determined linear regressions and can hold the negative and positive values of the system. The diversified portfolio return is to take hold of the book-to-market ratio and the related ratio which examine the size of the returns. (Maniatis, 2016). R Code czm { temp1 temp2 inputXwithTime averageInputX averageY1 averageY2 modWithTime diagXX offdiagXX VecOffdiagXX averageY3 averageY4 Tn1 Tn2 VCZ rej2 if (VCZ qnorm(1 - signiLevel, 0, 1)) {rej2 return(list(NewStat = VCZ, New = rej2)) } temp1 temp2 Z inputX results fftfm { temp1 temp2 inputXwithTime averageInputX averageY1-(sum(inputXwithTime) - averageInputX*temp1)/(temp1*(temp1 - 1)) averageY2-(sum(inputXwithTime^2) - sum(diag(inputXwithTime^2)))/(temp1*(temp1 - 1)) modWithTime diagXX offdiagXX VecOffdiagXX averageY3-(sum(modWithTime)-sum(diag(modWithTime))-2*sum(diagXX*VecOffdiagXX))/(temp1*(temp1 - 1)*(temp1 - 2)) averageY4-((temp1*(temp1 - 1)*averageY1)^2 - 2*temp1*(temp1 - 1)*averageY2 - 4*temp1*(temp1 - 1)*(temp1 - 2)*averageY3)/(temp1*(temp1 - 1)*(temp1 - 2)*(temp1 - 3)) Tn1 Tn2 UCZ rej2 if (UCZqnorm(1 - signiLevel, 0, 1)) {rej2 return(list(NewStat=UCZ, New=rej2)) } temp1 temp2 Z inputX results References Gelman, A., Hill, J. (2006).Data analysis using regression and multilevel/hierarchical models. Cambridge University Press. Kabacoff, R. (2015).R in action: data analysis and graphics with R. Manning Publications Co.. Harrell, F. (2015).Regression modeling strategies: with applications to linear models, logistic and ordinal regression, and survival analysis. Springer. Montgomery, D. C., Peck, E. A., Vining, G. G. (2015).Introduction to linear regression analysis. John Wiley Sons. Ott, R. L., Longnecker, M. T. (2015).An introduction to statistical methods and data analysis. Nelson Education. Newcomer, K. E., Hatry, H. P., Wholey, J. S. (2015).Handbook of practical program evaluation. John Wiley Sons. Chatterjee, S., Hadi, A. S. (2015).Regression analysis by example. John Wiley Sons. Gelman, A. (2015). Data Analysis Using Regression and Multilevel/Hierarchical Models, version 1.8-4, 2015. Faraway, J. J. (2016).Extending the linear model with R: generalized linear, mixed effects and nonparametric regression models(Vol. 124). CRC press. Fox, J. (2015).Applied regression analysis and generalized linear models. Sage Publications. Welten, C. C., Koeter, M. W., Wohlfarth, T. D., Storosum, J. G., van den Brink, W., Gispen-de Wied, C. C., ... Denys, D. A. (2016). Does Insight Affect the Efficacy of Antipsychotics in Acute Mania?: An Individual Patient Data Regression Meta-Analysis.Journal of clinical psychopharmacology,36(1), 71-76. Nakamura, R., Suhrcke, M., Jebb, S. A., Pechey, R., Almiron-Roig, E., Marteau, T. M. (2015). Price promotions on healthier compared with less healthy foods: a hierarchical regression analysis of the impact on sales and social patterning of responses to promotions in Great Britain.The American journal of clinical nutrition,101(4), 808-816. Maniatis, P. (2016). Factors affecting the long-term interest rate and its duration of the European Central Bank: an econometric analysis using regression with life data.International Journal of Applied Nonlinear Science,2(3), 153-183.] Martina, R., Kay, R., van Maanen, R., Ridder, A. (2015). The analysis of incontinence episodes and other count data in patients with overactive bladder by Poisson and negative binomial regression.Pharmaceutical statistics,14(2), 151-160. Guo, S., Fraser, M. W. (2015). Propensity score analysis.Statistical methods and applications,12. Buck, J. A., Underhill, P. R., Morelli, J., Krause, T. W. (2016, February). Analysis of pulsed eddy current data using regression models for steam generator tube support structure inspection. In42ND ANNUAL REVIEW OF PROGRESS IN QUANTITATIVE NONDESTRUCTIVE EVALUATION: Incorporating the 6th European-American Workshop on Reliability of NDE(Vol. 1706, p. 090005). AIP Publishing.